Compared with Europe and the United States, Asia emerged from the global downturn a winner, with its economies continuing to post higher growth rates and its banks suffering far less damage from the credit crisis. But if Asia’s financial institutions thought that the region’s good fortunes were sufficient to provide a competitive edge, they ought to think again. When it comes to M&A, for example, acquisitions by the region’s banks have significantly underperformed those by what we call principal investors—a group that includes private-equity firms and sovereign-wealth funds—even in a rapidly growing market.
That is among the findings of a recent McKinsey analysis of financial-sector M&A in Asia.1 The study found that acquisitions by principal investors generate a median annual internal rate of return (IRR) of 22 percent, compared with –7 percent for strategic investors. This finding holds true for deals of similar sizes, across time and across Asian countries—before, during, and after the global financial crisis.
Why such a gap? For one thing, principal investors have been sharper at picking the right geographies. For another, Asian banks appear not to capitalize as much as they could on their industry expertise; principal investors get more mileage from an active approach to ownership. Finally, they seem to be better at parlaying their ownership to build earnings and create value.
- Principal investors have done a better job at selecting the right geographies. Despite the higher risk profile associated with opportunities in emerging markets, these investors completed more deals in the Asian ones, such as China, India, and Indonesia. The deals generated significantly higher returns than did those in more developed markets, such as Japan and Taiwan. In contrast, strategic investors—the financial institutions—completed more deals in the low-return developed markets. While principal investors outperformed strategic investors everywhere, this difference in geographic focus played a significant role in creating the performance gap.
- Once deals are complete, strategic players appear to gain less advantage from their deep industry expertise than principal investors do from an active approach to ownership. In developed Asia, as much as 46 percent of the value in acquisitions by principal investors comes from improving the earnings of the companies they invest in. In contrast, the earnings performance of the strategic players declined, cutting their IRR in developed Asia by 31 percent. Among deals in Asia’s emerging markets, both types of players earned comparable returns from earnings enhancement.
- In deals where principal investors have strategic control, they are better able to use it to create value, with a median 23 percent IRR, compared with 2 percent for strategic players. Certainly, in countries such as China, India, Malaysia, and Vietnam, regulatory restrictions make it difficult for foreign players to gain control of financial entities. Deals without a controlling stake may be riskier, yet they can make sense if a general rerating of market multiples is expected (as in China and India) or if the acquirer can find ways of exerting influence, such as controlling board seats, influencing changes in management, or bringing in experts to improve business operations.
About the Authors
Ploy Jensen is a consultant in McKinsey’s Hong Kong office, Conor Kehoe is a partner in the London office, and Badrinath Ramanathan is an associate principal in the Singapore office.
Notes